Arbitrary Code Execution

Arbitrary Code Execution Definition

Arbitrary code execution (ACE) is a condition where an attacker causes a vulnerable application to run injected code of their choice. This usually happens by exploiting a software flaw or unsafe configuration. The injected code then runs with the same privileges as the compromised process, which means it can run on the user level or with the root or administrator privileges. ACE can let an attacker take control of software behavior, potentially leading to data theft, malware installation, or moving deeper into a network.

How Arbitrary Code Execution Works

ACE starts when untrusted input reaches a fragile software component, like a false parser, template engine, deserializer, or plug-in. This allows an attacker to hijack the program’s normal flow and run custom (often malicious) code. It might be a small shellcode, a script, or a “living off the land” attack by invoking trusted tools, like PowerShell. The payload runs with the privileges of the compromised process. If those are limited, the attacker may try privilege escalation or a sandbox escape to gain more control.

How the exploit is triggered defines the scope. If it can be reached over the network, it’s typically remote code execution (RCE). If it requires local access, like tricking a user into opening a malicious file, it’s considered local execution. In both cases, once execution is achieved, attackers usually establish persistence, gather credentials, and try to move towards more valuable systems.

Examples of Arbitrary Code Execution

Arbitrary Code Prevention Tips

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FAQ

Arbitrary code execution happens when an attacker forces a vulnerable program to run malicious code of their choice. This lets them control how the program behaves, which may allow them to steal data, install malware, or move deeper into the system, depending on the privileges of the affected program.

ACE is a broad term that refers to when attacker-chosen code runs on a system. RCE is a subset where the attacker triggers that exploit remotely, often over a network. RCE typically carries a higher risk because it can be used without local access. However, both ACE and RCE can lead to full compromise depending on privileges.

In video games, arbitrary code execution usually happens through a glitch that changes how the game handles its memory. Speedrunners often exploit these glitches by doing very specific actions, which can trick the game into running their own instructions. This can let them skip levels, warp to the end of a game, or even load custom content. In this context, this is known as an ACE glitch rather than an ACE attack.

Common ACE routes include exploiting memory-safety bugs, performing command or template injection, delivering malicious macros, or compromising update channels. All those kinds of vulnerabilities allow attackers to run payloads with the compromised process’s privileges and may escalate further.

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